Copper

Overview

Copper is a highly versatile and widely used metal known for its excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, and malleability. It is one of the oldest known metals, with a history of use dating back thousands of years. Copper is essential in various applications across multiple industries, including electrical, plumbing, construction, and electronics.

Grades and Specifications

Copper is available in various grades, each suited for specific applications. The most commonly used grades include:

• C11000 (Electrolytic Tough Pitch Copper): Known for its high electrical conductivity (over 100% IACS) and excellent thermal conductivity. It is commonly used in electrical applications.
• C10200 (Oxygen-Free Copper): Contains very low levels of oxygen, making it ideal for high-performance applications requiring excellent ductility and conductivity.
• C14500 (High Conductivity Copper): Often used in applications where both electrical and thermal conductivity are critical.

Specifications:

• ASTM: B152, B187, B233, B280
• ASME: SB152, SB187, SB280

Chemical Composition

The chemical composition of copper can vary based on the specific grade. For C11000 (Electrolytic Tough Pitch Copper), the composition is typically:

Element	Composition (%)
Copper (Cu)	99.90 min
Oxygen (O)	0.02 max
Impurities	Balance

Mechanical Properties

Copper exhibits excellent mechanical properties, making it suitable for a wide range of applications. Typical mechanical properties for C11000 copper are:

• Tensile Strength: 210 MPa (approx.)
• Yield Strength: 70 MPa (approx.)
• Elongation: 40% (approx.)
• Hardness: 50 HRB (Rockwell B hardness)

Applications

Copper is used in various industries due to its unique properties:

• Electrical: Copper is the standard material for electrical wiring, connectors, and motors due to its excellent conductivity.
• Plumbing: Used in pipes, fittings, and fixtures for its corrosion resistance and antimicrobial properties.
• Construction: Utilized in roofing, gutters, and architectural details for its durability and aesthetic appeal.
• Electronics: Commonly used in circuit boards, heat sinks, and electronic components.
• Alloys: Forms the basis of various alloys, including bronze (copper and tin) and brass (copper and zinc).

Corrosion Resistance

Copper is resistant to corrosion in most environments, making it a preferred choice for plumbing and electrical applications. It develops a protective patina when exposed to the atmosphere, which helps to prevent further corrosion. However, it can be susceptible to corrosion in certain environments, such as acidic or highly alkaline conditions.

Workability and Fabrication

Copper is highly malleable and ductile, allowing it to be easily formed into various shapes and sizes. Common fabrication methods include:

• Casting: Copper can be cast into intricate shapes and forms.
• Machining: Copper can be machined with high precision, making it suitable for detailed components.
• Welding: Copper can be welded using various techniques, though care must be taken to avoid overheating.

Recycling

Copper is 100% recyclable without any loss of quality, making it an environmentally friendly choice. Recycling copper conserves natural resources and energy, as the energy required to recycle copper is significantly less than that needed to produce new copper from ore.